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In 2002, Hayes published his findings in the paper, ‘ Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses’, which caused a panic in the agrochemical world, as the paper showed that the herbicide was having an adverse effect on amphibians at concentrations below the accepted US safe contamination level in drinking water. Despite not finding Hayes’ work significant, they did not want him to publish his findings, however, the EPA used their leverage to release Hayes from the confidentiality agreement he signed with the company, allowing him to publish his findings. According to Hayes, Syngenta brought along a statistical consultant who listed numerous errors in his report and concluded that the results were not statistically significant. Syngenta and members of the Eco Risk panel traveled to Berkeley to discuss Hayes’s new findings, however, they were not convinced by his data. Others had multiple testes that were deformed. When dissecting the frogs, he noticed that some could not be clearly identified as male or female as they had both testes and ovaries. Hayes continued his work looking into the detrimental effects of atrazine and discovered something very strange.
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Hayes believed he found a link between the reduction of size of the muscle surrounding the vocal cords of tadpoles and the herbicide and hypothesised that atrazine was reducing their testosterone levels. Atrazine is currently the most widely used herbicide in Australian agriculture and is the second-most used in the United States after glyphosate, and thus its safety has been thoroughly investigated, and it was discovered that the use of atrazine, consistent with food plant protection practice, will not have any harmful effects on human or animal health or any unacceptable effects on the environment, however this was not what Hayes had found. This blocks electron transport and stops carbon dioxide fixation and the production of energy needed for the plant to grow. It then kills the weed by inhibiting photosynthesis by binding to D1 proteins of the photosystem II complex in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. The herbicide is mainly absorbed through the roots of weeds and then transported to the actively growing tips and leaves. paid Hayes to join a panel of experts conducting studies for Novartis (later Syngenta) on the herbicide atrazine.Ītrazine is a selective herbicide that can be used both before and after the emergence of a crop or tree to control grass and broadleaf weeds. In 1997, the consulting firm Eco Risk, Inc. He would later move to Berkeley where, after completing his doctoral research, he would take an academic position at the university. In sixth grade, he was accepted into a program for the gifted and later would receive a scholarship to study at Harvard in 1985. As a young boy, he was fascinated by the idea of metamorphosis and spent much of his adolescence studying the local wildlife. Hayes grew up in Columbia, South Carolina, in an area where reportedly fewer than forty percent of residents finished high school.